o                                                        Abstract

o                                                        Background

o                                                        Methods

o                                                        Results

o                                                        Discussion

o                                                        Conclusion

o                                                        Competing interests

o                                                        Authors' contributions

o                                                        Pre- publication history

o                                                        Supplementary Material

o                                                        References

Results

General characteristics of study subjects

Questionnaires and serological survey were carried out in 7 primary schools capturing 498 pupils. The study subjects were distributed among the schools as shown in Table 1. The age of the pupils nearly followed a normal distribution with a mean of 11.8 years, median 12 years. The proportion of males compared to females was similar (50%), with the males comprising two hundred and forty eight (248) and females two hundred and fifty (250). Only 0.2% of respondents declined participation in the study.

Rubella seropositivity increased with age. Findings showed that more than half (58%) of the children were exposed to rubella by the time they attained the age of six years. The proportion increased to above 90% by the time they attained the age of fourteen years and above (Figure ​(Figure11 ).

Univariate Analysis

The survey was done using multistage cluster sampling. Initially, schools were selected using an area-sampling approach to ensure spatial distribution within a location, which had 16 schools [9]. Pupils in each school were selected by systematic sampling using student enrolment registers.

A standard structured questionnaire was administered to survey the general characteristics. Parents completed the questionnaire with the aid of interviewers. After obtaining consent from parent, finger prick blood (Dried Blood Spot) was obtained and spotted on labeled S$S^® filter paper from every child who assented. The spots were allowed to dry before packaging in zip-lock bags. They were left overnight at room temperature and shipped to KEMRI laboratory where they were placed at +2–8°C until testing. Samples were screened for rubella-specific IgG antibodies using commercial immunoassay kits, Enzygnost^® (Behring, Germany). Manufacturer's instructions were followed for the procedure except for additional 15 minutes incubation time for conjugate step procedure. This additional time was used after optimization was done using paired samples (sera and dried blood spots from same individual). Sample buffer supplied with kit was used to elute blood spots.

The data was analyzed using EPI INFO version 3.3.2. Mantel-Haenzel 2-tailed P and Fisher exact test. All tests were at 5% probability level. Odds ratios were computed for each potential determinant and those that showed associations were fitted into a final logistic regression model to determine independence in contribution of each determinant. This study was approved by the KEMRI/National Ethical Review Committee and research authorization obtained from The Ministry of Education Science and Technology. Informed consent was obtained by a signature or finger print parent. Assent was sought from child before finger pricking.

·                                  Other Sections▼

o                                                        Abstract

o                                                        Background

o                                                        Methods

o                                                        Results

o                                                        Discussion

o                                                        Conclusion

o                                                        Competing interests

o                                                        Authors' contributions

o                                                        Pre- publication history

o                                                        Supplementary Material

o                                                        References

Methods

This study was conducted in Moi's bridge location, Soy division, Uasin Gishu district, and approximately 40 km North of Eldoret town during the months of February–March and May–June 2005. Sample size was calculated using EPI INFO 3.2.2 statistical package. A 95% confidence interval, a study power of 80% and prevalence of 50%, with 3% precision was used. A 20% non-response rate was factored in. To ensure the representativeness of the locality, we selected 7 schools through guidance of the District Education office, Uasin Gishu.

The survey was done using multistage cluster sampling. Initially, schools were selected using an area-sampling approach to ensure spatial distribution within a location, which had 16 schools [9]. Pupils in each school were selected by systematic sampling using student enrolment registers.

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